1
科学家们是怎么测量人一天需要多少水的?
11月24日发表于《科学》期刊的这项研究,测量了26个国家5600多人的饮水量,参与者年龄从8天到96岁不等,他们饮用了一定量含有可追踪氢和氧同位素的水。研究人员发现,人们每天的平均饮水量在1升到6升之间。
图源:摄图网
此外,研究人员们收集并分析了参与者的数据,将参与者所在地的温度、湿度和海拔高度等环境因素,与测量的水分周转率、能量消耗、体重、性别、年龄等进行了比较。
在所有条件相同的情况下,男性和女性的差异大约是半升水的周转量。研究结果预计,一个20岁、体重70公斤、生活在发达国家的海平面高度、平均气温10摄氏度、相对湿度50%的非运动员男性,每天会吸收和流失约3.2升水。同样年龄和活动水平的女性,体重60公斤,住在同样的地方,需要消耗2.7升水。
同时,一个人消耗的能量增加1倍,则他们每天用水量将增加约1升。体重增加50公斤,用水量则增加0.7升。湿度每增加50%,用水量就会增加0.3升。运动员比非运动员多消耗大约1升水。
快来算算自己需要多少水!
这项研究中,近100个团队的科学家们联合开展了实验,得出了全球首个人类全生命周期的“饮水公式”。据此公式,大伙儿可以精确地计算出自己每天喝多少水最合适。
其中,PAL是身体活动水平,等于人体24小时总能量消耗(TEE)除以人体24小时的基础代谢率(BMR)。HDI则代表人类发展指数,反映不同地方的社会进步程度。对于此公式中,发达国家的HDI值为0,中等国家HDI值为1,落后国家HDI值为2。此外,非运动员的Athlete Status(运动状态)值为0,运动员为1。
研究人员用此公式计算发现,平均而言,20至35岁的男性每天消耗4.2升水,而30至60岁的女性消耗3.3升水。而且从60岁起,水的需求量随着年龄的增长而下降。等到了90多岁,人的需水量已经降至2.5升左右。
科学喝水,还得注意这些!
俗话说“人以食为天,食以水为先”,每天保持充足的饮水量,对人体皮肤、血管、肠道健康等都起着至关重要的作用。以下为大家准备了一些日常科学喝水的小提示:
图源:网络表情包
1. 不要等到口渴再喝水。口渴是身体缺水的信号,当你感觉口渴的时候,那说明细胞已经缺水了。
2. 吃饭前不要大量喝水。这可能会冲淡消化液,使胃酸浓度降低,易出现消化不良、急性胃肠炎及腹泻。
3. 喝水时水温以 25 ℃~ 40 ℃为宜,最好不要超过 65 ℃。
4. 运动后不要一次性牛饮!如果运动后狂饮,会导致钠离子含量变低,这一现象被称为“稀释性的低钠血症”,也叫水中毒。运动后人体的各个脏器处于比较劳累的状态,突然大量补水会导致心脏负担明显加重,对很多脏器功能,特别是对心脏不利。
5. 在高强度的运动后,需要适当喝含有电解质的水,比如含盐、含糖的,这样可以把人体丢失的盐分和糖分补充回来。
END
资料来源:科普中国、中国科学网、澎湃新闻
整理:董小娴
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |